The abstract should be consistent with the main text of the paper, especially after a revision is made to the paper and should include the key message prominently. The “abstract” needs to be simple, specific, clear, unbiased, honest, concise, precise, stand-alone, complete, scholarly, (preferably) structured, and should not be misrepresentative. The “title” should be descriptive, direct, accurate, appropriate, interesting, concise, precise, unique, and should not be misleading.

The title and the abstract are the most important parts of a research paper and should be pleasant to read. Most readers read only the title and the abstract of a research paper and very few will go on to read the full paper. Often both of these are drafted after the full manuscript is ready. The “title” and the “abstract” are the “initial impressions” of a research article, and hence they need to be drafted correctly, accurately, carefully, and meticulously. This article deals with formulating a suitable title and an appropriate abstract for an original research paper.

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